Musculoskeletal Anatomy (Upper Extremity)

The upper extremity comprises the shoulder girdle, elbow, wrist, and hand with their articulations, tendons, ligaments, and neurovascular bundles. MRI and MR arthrography assess internal derangement, while CT and radiographs define bony injury and ultrasound evaluates tendons dynamically. Knowledge of the rotator cuff, elbow ligaments, carpal alignment, and nerve courses guides musculoskeletal interpretation.